Wednesday, July 31, 2019

A map to the next world

Joy Harjo’s poems are filled with so many images and passages that let’s one ponder and think about the complexity of the work.   She is able to balance contemporary American life and ancient tribal truths magnificently.She is able to brilliantly attach the reader to the character.   In â€Å"A Map to the Next World†, one knows that the poem is most probably addressed to a younger member of her family, a young daughter, or a grand daughter, in fact.   But one feels that Harjo is personally talking to you – we are put in the shoes of a member of a kin.In this poem (A Map to the Next World) one can see how the idea of survival is central to the individual and the Native Americans as a people.   And the way she addresses this survival is by emphasizing the importance of memory (a very central theme in Native American culture) – how one should not forget one’s heritage.And she writes:   â€Å"Keep track of the errors of our forgetfulne ss; a fog steals our children while we sleep†.   She asks her readers to remember their heritage and find solace in it – to â€Å"Remember the hole of our shame marking the act of abandoning our tribal grounds†.The poem promotes an awareness and understanding of the strength of memory – a latch on the value on the powers of memory that all Native American cultures have. Moreover, one can see how survival and continuance are very strong bases for this poem.According to Harjo, in this world, one can easily forget about one’s heritage.   â€Å"What I am telling you is real, and is printed in a warning on the map.   Our forgetfulness stalks us, walks the earth behind us, leaving a trail of paper diapers, needles and wasted blood.†Ã‚   Harjo emphasizes the function of courage in the entire scheme of things, for keeping one’s spirit honest and vital.There seems to be a sense of loss of land, love, innocence and heritage that escalates within.   She discusses the importance of courage by alluding to many Native American spiritual tremors – â€Å"The place of entry is the sea of your mother’s blood, your father’s small death as he longs to know himself in another.†Ã‚   There has to be an understanding of the past for one to be able to move forward.This discipline is central to many Native American cultures.   In this case, Harjo alludes to her mother’s heritage (her blood), and how her father was lost in a sea of identities.â€Å"There is no exit.†, she says.   One must have courage to survive.   One must have courage to go on.   One must have courage to be as tenacious as to venture out alone – to be able to trust oneself.   â€Å"The map can be interpreted through the wall of the intestine – a spiral on the road of nowledge.†Coursing through survival and courage, Harjo moves in out of the realms of dream and reality.   She focuses on bot h hope and despair, and survival and extinction at the same time.   By showcasing these diverse strands of life, she is able to bring a harmonious balanced experience to the reader in the context of cultural allusions.â€Å"You will travel through the membrane of death, smell cooking from the encampment where our relatives make a fest of fresh deer meat and corn soup, in the Milky Way.†Ã‚   In this passage, she focuses on the point that to survive this world, one must not forget.   To go through life and remember, one must travel the way our forefathers did.â€Å"Through the membrane of death† reminds one of the cultural belief in reincarnation – that through dying, one is born.   â€Å"Encampment   †¦ fresh deer meat† both paint the picture of a Native American village dinner – together around a fire, feasting on the day’s hunt.This melding of dream visions, memories, myths and history promotes a centeredness in deep reverence for the natural world (a very Native American ideology), where one should find solace in one’s own heritage and mythology.   But Harjo does not necessarily talk about her own heritage (Cherokee) alone, but includes other Native American tribal traditions.There are snippets of other traditions which she brings in as a way to universalize experiences.   In a way, she is striving to resolve polarities to bring the world into a balance through the awareness of the unspoken superiority one feels as a bearer of ancient culture.   All one has to do is remember – â€Å"They have never left us; we abandoned them for science†.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

A Risky Decision

Decision making is an important aspect of human life. The success of a person or country remains in how smartly they take decision at the appropriate time. This paper examines a possible risky decision which may be taken by the Indian government to declare war against Pakistan in order to destroy the terrorist camped in Pak territory.IntroductionSome decisions are easy to make while others may be difficult to take and implement. For example, it is easy for the Indian government to take a decision about preventing the Indian cricket team from touring Pakistan because of the recent attack by terrorists against the Sri Lankan cricket team. But it might be a risky decision to declare war against Pakistan on the basis of the recent Mumbai terrorist attack.â€Å"The Mumbai attack is uniquely different from past terror strikes carried out by Islamic terrorists. Instead of one or more bombings at distinct sites, the Mumbai attackers struck throughout the city using military tactics† ( Roggio, 2008)An overview description of the decision to be madeIndian government is under tremendous pressure from the public and the opposition parties’ because of their failure in preventing the Mumbai terrorist attack in 2008 which killed around 179 people.Moreover in 2001, the Pak terrorist group, Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed were succeeded in attacking the Indian parliament in which a dozen of people were killed. (Indian parliament attack kills 12) The repeated attack made by Pak terrorist group on India, forced the Indian government to take a decision in how to destroy the terrorist group located in Pakistan.The primary decisionsThe primary decision is whether to conduct an all out war against Pakistan or not. Another option is limited attack on terrorist camps by the Indian forces which may result in a war between these countries.  The primary objectiveThe primary objective of these decisions is to destroy the terrorist group in Pakistan and also to teach Pak istan a lesson that India may not remain calm if their sovereignty is questioned. The uncertain eventThe uncertainty about the event is the possible consequences of the war. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons in their armory and any war between these countries may be converted into a nuclear war. Moreover the American troops fighting in the Afghan border against the Muslim fundamentalists need the support of Pak troops there. So they will not be much interested in a war between India and Pakistan because it might result the pull out of Pak troops from assisting the American military.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Analysis Of Indian Broadcasting Industry Media Essay

Analysis Of Indian Broadcasting Industry Media Essay The word â€Å"broadcast† actually refers to a literal sowing of seeds on farms by spreading them over a wide field. Talking about broadcasting media it is actually a service of distributing audio and video content to a discrete audience via radio, television, telephone, internet or other, often digital transmission media. The receptor of these services includes the common public or a o relatively broader audience, such as children or young adults. Broadcasting contributes to a very huge segment of the mass media, and broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting. Broadcasting can be done through different channels which contain television and radio stations and networks that creates content or obtain the privileges to broadcast recorded television and radio programs. TV broadcasting is the most prominent form of broadcasting which is actually distributing video content to a dispersed audience. It was started experimentally from 1925, commercially fr om the 1930s. Television broadcasters run studios and facilities for the programming and transmission of programs to the general audience. TELEVISION BROADCASTING IN INDIA. Television broadcasting industry in India is a very huge industry and has thousands of programs in almost all states of India. Almost half of the households in India own a television. In a research conducted in 2010, it was found that a total of 515 channels are available in the country out if which nearly 150 are paid channels. Indian television markets display today many of the attributes of the sector typical to broadcasting across the world, a mix of state-supported and advertising based services; a separate and growing segment offering scrambled services in return for subscription; a variety of distribution means. At the same time, Indian television has a number of unique characteristics that are the result of its size and history, source of funding, regulation and technology choices. In common with other In dian industries, the development of broadcasting has been coloured by India’s comparative isolation due to tariff barriers and other regulatory constraints. These impacted unevenly across television and related sectors, while Bollywood flourished in part because of the scarcity of non Indian content. The main competitors with in the industry include entertainment, Sony Entertainment, Star TV, Doordarshan, and NDTV. CURRENT SCENARIO. In India, the television broadcasting industry going through remarkable changes and it has now become one of the fastest growing sectors of the country. The main reasons for all this is the rising per capita/ national income, increase in the growth of economy and powerful macro-economic fundamentals, democratic set up, good governance as well as law and order position in the country. The Indian broadcasting industry plays a vital role in creating people’s awareness about state laws and policies and programs by providing education and inform ation, besides creating healthy business environment within the country. Thus, it helps the people to be the active partner in the nation-building venture. At the present stage, in Indian television broadcasting industry there are almost 110 million households having TV in their houses in India, out of which almost 70 million of the households are cable and satellite homes and rest of the 40 million households are served by the public broadcaster.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income Essay

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income expenditure model. Use this model to examine the impact of a fall in government spending on the eco - Essay Example Given this rigidity of wages and prices, equilibrium output therefore is determined by demand. The aggregate effective demand is composed of planned real aggregate consumption expenditure (C), planned real aggregate investment (I) and real aggregate government expenditure (G). Real aggregate consumption expenditure is assumed to be a function of real aggregate output (Y) such that if Y rises C also rises but less than proportionally. The equilibrium is attained at that level of income or real output, equal to the effective demand. In the diagram above, the effective demand curve (obtained by vertically summing up C(Y), I and G) intersects the 45 degree line for the level of real aggregate output Y*. Thus Y* is the level of real aggregate output that satisfies the demand supply equality. The intersection point between the effective demand curve and the 45 degree line is referred to as the Keynesian cross. Now if there is a decline in government spending (G) given everything else remains unchanged, the effective aggregate demand will fall for each level of real output. Suppose G falls from G0 to G1. Therefore, the effective demand curve will shift downwards. Therefore the newer intersection point with the 45 degree line shall be to the left of the initial equilibrium point. Y** is the new equilibrium level of income which is lower than Y*. As a result of this decline in the level of real output, there will be a fall in employment as well. As government spending falls, there is a reduction in the effective demand. This reduction causes real output to shrink. This decline in real output again leads to a fall in real aggregate consumption expenditure which in turn reduces effective demand again. This again reduces real aggregate consumption expenditure and so on. However the magnitude of the second fall shall be smaller than the first one due to the non-proportional dependence of consumption on real income. Therefore, as a

Violence and Its Impact Upon Adolescents Research Paper - 1

Violence and Its Impact Upon Adolescents - Research Paper Example , this can potentially have some very dire effects on them it is critically important to â€Å"establish exactly what is violence, the different forms that adolescent violence can potentially take, and the varied effects of violence on adolescents.† According to The term violence first appeared in French at around the beginning of the thirteenth century and was essentially used to characterize a brutal and quick-tempered person. It was also used to describe to indicate a power relationship that is aimed at constraining or subjecting another person. Over the centuries that followed, violence was given a fundamental role by western civilizations where on one had it was seen to quite fiercely denounce the excesses of violence and openly declared it to be illegitimate, However, on the other hand, Western civilization was also seen to give violence a rather elevated position where it was legitimized so as to validate the actions of knights who were forced to shed blood in the noble defense of the orphans and widows as well as defend the just causes of the Christian kings against the Infidels, and trouble makers (Muchembled 7-9). The brutality of all human relations was accepted as being a universal social language in addition to its being considered to be absolutely normal and quite necessary in most western societies up until the seventeenth century. While cultural ideals might have gradually evolved over time, violence is seen to still play a prominent role in modern society and equally affects people of all ages hailing from the different walks of life. The violence perpetrated against the young people is found to be particularly worrying as it can significantly affect their future development and negatively impact the future human society. The Transactional Model of Development: This development model is seen to greatly emphasize the importance of the roles that are seen to be played by both the environment and the child in the determination of the child’s

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Is Communism Considered To Be Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Is Communism Considered To Be Evil - Essay Example Still, it is important to note that public’s needs and wants are the basic and fundamental controlling factor that is going to determine the level of governance’s quality in both democratic and communistic systems. The public interest will have to be met in order to save reign of any kind. The communistic mechanism of the government fundamentally works towards suppressing the individual and personal needs so that collective benefits can be disseminated in the society. The communistic system is considered a crude method of governance because it is more prone towards experiencing corruption. The higher probability of corruption is stemming out of absence of any formal way of accountability in the featured type of governance system (Hardt pp.348). The humans are of the view that they are equals and therefore, should be allowed to decide their representatives who will in turn work towards maximization of public interest. The freedom of speech and choice are believed to the antecedent of applying democratic system whereas, the success of democracy is strongly linked with individualistic dimension of the culture. The China is effectively following communism (Steinmuller pp.481) through socialism because its indigenous culture is having a collective outlook and because of this reason, the children are trained to work in terms of serving the society before fulfillment of self interest. The common belief in Chinese community states that once an individual does his or her job then, government will take care of his or her needs. The Chinese governmental philosophy attempts to establish social equality in the community by assisting the people in meeting their basic needs and necessities. The Chinese society is housing substantial amount of population and therefore, they can take a holistic approach towards economic development. But, the people who have an individualistic orientation towards life consider communism as evil. The humans are popular for creating their own reality and some of them identify communism as evil because it suppresses personal and private freedoms while others view it as the means of achieving fiscal development and growth in a collective setting. Thusly, the human belief systems, attitudes and perceptions make a concept or an idea evil or noble. The Chinese economic development remained exemplary over the past few decades and therefore, it can be argued that communism is an effective source of achieving elementary objectives of governance. The problems originate in the light of Agency Theory when the national representatives do not successfully translate public interests into realities. In the presence of abovementioned condition the masses’ support towards any type of government is bound to decline and that is for sure. The communistic system is neither good nor bad in its essence but its deployment and application are going to determine its ethical value and quality. The only enemy of governmental effect iveness goes by the name of corruption and any system that represents corruption more than a certain level, is going to disintegrate sooner or later. The communistic approach in the direction of governance helped Russians in managing their national level issues and operations but things went south when governmental issues undervalued public interest so that they can meet their own personal agendas. The marginal public support for the government played a significant role in causing the breakage of Soviet Union and one communistic

Friday, July 26, 2019

Trans Fat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trans Fat - Essay Example It is helpful in creating, firmness, texture, and longer shelf life for many products. Many companies and restaurants in western countries have started using palm oil and coconut oil instead of hydrogenated oils. But in reality, they are only slightly healthier than trans fat. Coconut and palm oils are rich in saturated fat which increases the chances of heart diseases and raises the level of cholesterol in the blood. Former president of the American Heart Association, Robert Eckel, says â€Å"getting rid of trans fat is important because strong evidence indicates that they contribute to higher levels of harmful cholesterol and heart diseases. But the idea that this is the most harmful type of fat is a matter of debate.† (Nanci Hellmich, USA Today). Regarding the readership of this article, it may be written for all those who have some knowledge about the unhealthy diet with a special focus on those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases. People who suffer from obesity, heart diseases and those who exercise some control over diet are, obviously, interested in it. As regards the third question, what kind of appeals would be most appropriate, it can safely be said that by explaining the issue through logic would be most suitable because the targeted groups are adults who are not likely to move by emotions. After taking a stance on trans fats and diet, it is always better to prove the points through well argued views. It might create an impression in the minds of the reader that the author is honest, sincere, confident and. above all, well informed. The reader might also believe that the author understands his concerns and has answered all of them. The next question to be answered is what would be the most appropriate style to wr ite a persuasive article. Generally, there are several styles such as formal, academic, legal and middle styles to write an article. Middle style which uses images and illustrations well-known to the readers are the

Thursday, July 25, 2019

The Veil in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Veil in Islam - Research Paper Example Muslim women who strictly adhere to the requirement believe that it is an act of obedience to God and a stride towards freedom. In this regard, women’s freedom can be evaluated by their physical appearance rather than their intellect. The concept of veiling in Islam emanates from the need to maintain the association between the body and mind. It is often believed that covering the body is one way of shielding the heart from impurities. For that reason, men are admonished to avert their eyes from women, and subsequently, women are required to put on loose outer garments, and cover up their bosoms and heads (Hibri 8). Although the Holy Qur’an directs that women needs to veil themselves, the degree and style varies considerably depending on the situation. Veiling in Islam women is highly dependent on interpretation of various scriptures on the practice, culture, and personal preferences. According to chapter 33, verse 60 of the Qur’an, Allah says â€Å"O prophet! T ell your wives and your daughters, and women of the believers, that they should pull down upon them of their outer cloaks from their heads over their faces. That is more likely that they may thus be recognized and not molested†. There are two distinct interpretations of this scripture that has created two forms of veiling. In light of the instruction, some Muslim women choose to cover their heads while others choose to cover their faces. However, there are others who choose to adopt a compromised position of the two by covering their faces, only when they apply makeup (Ali 719). Majority of Muslim women veil themselves because of the need to uphold modesty, dignity, respect, and safeguard themselves from evils and harm. There are two fundamental parameters, which come from hadith or traditional reports, and Qur’an that guide the Islamic women dress code. The first parameter comes from Qur’an, and is indicated that a woman’s body should be covered in such a manner that only her feet, hands, and face are revealed, except under uncontrolled circumstances (Qur’an 24: 30-31). Additionally, women are required to put on loose clothing so that their body structure is not revealed. The second parameter come from hadith, and states that Muslim women should not put on clothing similar to that of men, or in a manner similar to those who do not believe God. This implies that their clothing should be simply modest, and not overly fancy or ragged. The traditional reports or hadiths presented a number of instances where women were admonished to cover up their nakedness. Scrutiny of the reports reveals that the definition of a woman’s nakedness is so wide and covers her entire body. Ibn Qudama in al-Mughni (1: 349) posited â€Å"all of the woman’s body is considered her nakedness† (Ali 412). In the Qur’an and the prophetic Sunna, there are some fundamental requirements that suggested the manner in which Muslim women are supposed to dress that includes; the extent of covering, thickness, looseness, color, appearance, and demeanor, variation from men’s clothing, variation from unbelievers clothing, and prohibition of ostentatious or vain dressing. Although modest dressing and hijab is mandated in the Qur’an, many Muslims dispute that it is not a strict condition, but simply a strong suggestion. Because of varied interpretations and cultural differences, many women in the Islamic world have adopted fashions of their country.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Lutheranism and Calvinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lutheranism and Calvinism - Essay Example Due to his intellectual gifts, Martin Luther was able to pursue studies in the University of Wittenberg and his scholarship, especially in the Bible, helped his progress towards a reformer. In 1517, he was forced to break up with Rome and he dedicated his life to the spreading of reformative ideas. Although Lutheranism and Calvinism outwardly share several commonalities, they both differ from each other in a significant way. In spite of the fact that both these movements emphasized people's sinfulness, lack of free will, and helplessness, rejected good works as means of salvation, accepted only baptism and communion as sacraments etc, the major ideologies of Calvinism were very different from those of Lutheranism. They differed with regard to the concept of predestination, morality and discipline, church organization, etc. Significantly, Calvinism particularly appealed to certain groups and the people of the cities welcomed both Lutheranism and Calvinism. Calvinism, especially, appealed to the learned men and the literate, and it emphasized sobriety, discipline, and communal responsibility. It was more successful in the areas of southern France.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

How Sweden's Accounting Financial Statements and Functions Research Paper

How Sweden's Accounting Financial Statements and Functions Differentiate from That of the USA - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that while most nations shifted to the latest version, the United States still favors GAAP and believes that the IFRS has no guidance and comprise several loopholes. It also believes that the adoption of IFRS will lead to chaos and several accounting scandals. Sweden, on the other hand, being a part of the European Union has adopted the IFRS as IAS regulation from the year 2006. Prior to the year 2006, Sweden had been following SFASC (Swedish Financial Accounting Council) Accounting Standards. A lot of changes have been brought about in the financial system throughout the years in Sweden. But with the acceptance of IFRS in Sweden quite a few changes and amendments have been made in order to marginalize with the other nations of the European Union. There have been a lot of differences between the US GAAP and the IFRS. One strong difference between the two is on account of the intangible considerations. According to the GAAP, the acquired intan gible assets are always recognized at fair values. Even the cost allocation is done on individual assets. The intangibles also have a definite life amortized over the period. Few of the examples of such individual assets are research and development, advertising costs; start-up costs and even website developments. Whereas according to the guidelines of IFRS followed by Sweden, the intangibles are recognized only if it has a scope of future economic benefit and has reliability in measuring. Even the initial measurement is done on the cost of the intangible. The mergers and acquisitions i.e. the intangibles are valued at fair cost and the revaluation is also made on a regular basis in order to obtain the actual cost. There is a vast difference between GAAP and IFRS on the basis of revenue. In case of the GAAP, the revenue is recognized on four essential criteria that are persuasive evidence, determinable or fixed pricing, delivery and the assurance of collection whereas in the case of IFRS, the major five criteria are transfer of risk and reward, reliability of measurement, reliability of measurement of the costs incurred or to be incurred, non continuation of management involvement and it also considers the probable economic benefits.

The N word Essay Example for Free

The N word Essay The word Niger should not be used by anyone regardless of the circumstances. Niger comes from the Latin word Niger meaning black. Niger was used derogatory term used to refer to black slaves during colonial times. It represents generations of endured racism and oppression. The word was used to make a mockery of black people. Whether [Niger Is] used as a noun, verb, or adjective, It strengthened the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody, (N Egger, a brief history). The use of the word Niger strips away the individuality of a person. Niger is evident in IP hop music, the civil rights movement, pop culture, and is now used as a term of endearment. The genre of hip hop music inspires use of the generalizing term Niger. Hip hop music allows the term Niger to be a normal thing to say. When Niger is used in a song it gives people of every race an excuse to use it. Certain words from song only can end up in a persons vocabulary. In the song Real Amiga Roll Call by Ill Jon and The East Side Boozy, the variation of the word Niger Is used over 95 times. After hearing Niger over 95 times in one song, the word Is going to stick. Rappers should cake responsibility for music they put out In the music Industry. Rappers could be more positive and help a lot more people out. An opposing argument Is that HIP hop started In the late 19005 and It was a form of expression for blacks and it empowered them. Hip hop was all about individuality among blacks. Deceased rapper Outpace Shaker influenced many people going through struggles when he spoke about being grateful for what one has in his song Keep Way Head up: Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gay, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like blacks that thing to be And suddenly that ghetto didnt seem so tough And though we had It rough, we always had enough The problem with this argument is that hip hop music isnt like that anymore, nowadays hip hop puts more emphasis on partying, drugs, and sex. Hip hop music encourages the use of the word nigh? «. The people of the Civil Rights Movement fought very hard against the generic term Niger. DRP. Martin Luther King Jar. Was all about fighting love with hate. He died fighting for the equality of his kind, and yet a few decades later those same people are using a malicious racial slur among themselves. This situation should not be hat he died fighting for. Martin Luther King wrote in his Letter From Birmingham Jail When your first name becomes Niger, your middle name becomes boy. This quote shows what King thought about the use of enlarger, shows how the term really generalizes people. HIS argument here Is that If you call someone a Niger he might as well have no name. The word Niger has become a term of endearment, and people use it from racists by changing it from Niger to Amiga. Amiga is supposed to mean friend. The word was supposedly reinvented and meant something entirely different. People ere Just conforming with each other and lost their way when they came up with this. Then blacks took pride in being insignias, a variation of a word they Just spent generations fighting. Niger oppressed black people for hundreds of years, people died fighting against that slur, Just because an A was added at the end, and all of a sudden its k. The word Niger takes away the individuality of a person. Niger was used as a mockery of black people. During the Civil Rights Movement the word was fought against. Hip hop music started off with great messages, but now songs use the word Niger excessively. Lastly, Niger has supposedly become a term of endearment.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Comets Essay Example for Free

Comets Essay A comet is a small body, roughly the size of a small town, in the Solar System. It is made up of ice, rock, dust, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and more. Some researchers think comets might have originally brought some of the water and organic molecules to Earth that now make up life here. Comets become visible as they near the Sun. The tail of a comet is its most characteristic feature. Round and round a comet goes in its orbit and when it comes into the inner solar system. Each time a comet gets closer to the Sun, the ice on the surface of the nucleus, measuring ten miles or less, begins turning into gas, forming a cloud known as the coma. Radiation from the sun pushes dust particles away from the coma, which can reach 1 million miles wide, forming a dust tail, while charged particles from the sun convert some of the comets gases into ions, forming a stream of volatile materials known as an ion tail. Some tails can reach 100 million miles long. The tail of the comet always points away from the Sun, since they are shaped by sunlight and the solar wind, so that when the comet is receding from the Sun, its tail actually runs before it. Typical comet loses about one tenth of a percent of its mass every time it passes near the Sun. After one thousand passages or so, Comets lose all their ices, leaving behind only an orbiting stream of fragile, inactive objects, meteoric dust, ice, and pebbles, similar to an asteroids. When Earth, in its annual journey around the Sun, passes through one of these dusty tracks, we are treated to a meteor shower. For centuries, scientists thought comets traveled in the Earths atmosphere, but in 1577, observations made by Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe revealed they actually traveled far beyond the moon. Isaac Newton later discovered that comets move in elliptical, oval-shaped orbits around the Sun, and correctly predicted that they could return again and again. Throughout history comets inspired both wonder and fear. They were known as hairy stars resembling fiery swords that appeared unpredictably in the sky. Often, comets seemed to be omens of doom. The most ancient known mythology, the Babylonian â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh,† described fire, brimstone, and flood with the arrival of a comet. (Goldman, 2009) Chinese astronomers kept extensive records on comets for centuries, including illustrations, observations and celestial positions of Halleys Comet going back to at least 240 BC; historic archives that have proven valuable resources for later astronomers. A few dozen comets are discovered annually by astronomers with telescopes or on photographic plates. Comets are usually named after their discoverer, and/or has spacecraft missions incorporated into their name. Most Comets are too faint or small to be seen without a telescope. Only every few years does a comet grow bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. A highly visible comet was Hale-Bopp, which came within 122 million miles of Earth in 1997. Its unusually large nucleus gave off a great deal of dust and gas, roughly 18 to 25 miles across, appeared bright to the naked eye. Our solar system is surrounded by a sphere, or cocoon, of cold, dark comets called the Oort Cloud, far beyond the orbit of Pluto, that reaches halfway to the nearest stars. Most Comets are believed to inhabit The Oort Cloud, however it has never been observed directly; but it must exist to account for the comets that arrive in our vicinity from enormous distances. (Dickinson, 1999). The Kuiper Belt, was discovered in an attempt to locate the non-existent tenth planet, planet X. The Kuiper belt was named after Gerard Kuiper an astronomer who predicted its existence in 1951. The Kuiper belt is a belt of comets. The first of these comets was picked up in 1992 during a deliberate search by astronomers. It is a chunk of primordial ice about 200 kilometers in diameter orbiting the Sun at 1 ? imes Neptune’s distance. In the years since the discovery, more than 100 similar sized objects have been found in orbits outside Neptune’s path. This is known as Trans-Neptunian Objects, (TNO). These giant cosmic ice balls are left over from the formation of the solar system. There are millions of comets six miles in diameter and thousands measuring a few do zen kilometers across, that form the Kuiper Belt. They are short-period comets. They take less than 200 years to orbit the sun, and in many cases their appearance is predictable because they have passed by before. Short period comets come around with steady regularity. Halleys Comet is likely the most famous short period comet in the world; it becomes visible to the naked eye on its return, every seventy-six years. Its last visit near Earth was in 1986. At that time five spacecraft flew past it, attaining extraordinary information, coming close enough to study its nucleus which is normally concealed by the comets coma. The potato-shaped, nine mile long contains equal part ice and dust, with about 80 percent of the ice made of water, and about 15 percent of it consisting of frozen carbon monoxide. Researchers believe other comets are chemically similar to Halleys Comet. The Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, discovered by Gene Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. March 25, 1993 (Raymo, 2001). This short-periodic comet was the comet of the Great Comet Crash of 1994. The comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided spectacularly with Jupiter in 1994, with the giant planets gravitational pull ripping the comet apart for at least 21 visible impacts. The largest collision created a fireball that rose about 1,800 miles (3,000 km) above the Jovian cloud tops as well as a giant dark spot more than 7,460 miles (12,000 km) across, about the size of the Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope, orbiting 375 miles above our planet’s surface, (Rosselli, 1998) has shown the effects of the comet smashing into the surface of Jupiter with an explosive power of 100 million megatons, which was the most violent event ever witnessed in the solar system. Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp are long-period comets. These Oort Cloud comets have orbital periods of thousands or millions of years. Their appearance is unpredictable. They follow long cigar shaped trajectories that take them far out beyond Pluto. They move like wave, up and down. At the cold, black tops of their curves, far from the Sun they proceed with a laborious leisureliness, taking as long as 30 million years to complete one trip around the sun. They gather speed as they fall toward the inner solar system, moving at its fastest, it punches around the Sun, then they slow again as they climb back to the tops of their trajectory. A potentially bright Oort cloud might be discovered at any time, typically somewhere near the orbit of Jupiter on its way center stage in the inner solar system. The brightest apparitions occur when a comet passes near Earth on its inward or outward journey. A comet is not like anything anyone has seen before. It is a starkly fascinating, and amazing visual experience, evoking passions of fear, anxiety, admiration, wonder, and bewilderment to the enlightened and unenlightened observer. Comets, especially those that are bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, continue to fascinate the Earth’s population. With 2013 being deemed â€Å"Year of The Comet,† (Barnett, 2013), astronomers, scientist, and watchers of all kinds can look forward to a rare treat; two visible comets, Pan- STARRS (3/12/13) ISON (11/28/13), in one year!

Sunday, July 21, 2019

BP Corporate Governance

BP Corporate Governance The concept of corporate governance is the system by which business corporation are directed and controlled. The three main aspect of good corporate governance are seen in shareholder right, transparency and board accountability. (Corporate governance by Alan Calder 2008). Definition: Corporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goal and between individual and common goal and aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individual, corporation and society (Sir Adrian Cadbury, 1999). Using the British Petroleum case, we develop a model of efficient corporate governance addressing all facets of the society in which corporations exist such as economic, ethical, political, and social. These facets determine the norms by which corporate decisions are judged. Without incorporating every facet into decisions, companies will eventually fall short and company just cant do the things in profit motive by sacrificing the moral and ethical issues British Petroleum failed in averting the Mexico oil spill due to lack of coordination between board and chairman and interlacing all the facets of society in the corporate decision making process. This failure contributed to the mismanagement of the company by a relatively detached board of directors who failed to assimilate high ethical management standards into the foundation of decision making process. This model developed here will help companies in addressing the appropriate system of corporate governance which serves as a foundation to avert failure through the practice of high ethical patterns of behavior which are needed to survive in the modern business world. Case analysis and discussion By late 2010,the British Petroleum has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre amongst those concerned with corporate governance and particularly with the social, ethical and environmental responsibilities of business In the 21st century, corporate governance has become critical for medium and large organisation. The organization which fallows corporate guidelines strategy performs well than compared to organization which does not adhere to the guidelines. Corporation work with governance framework which is first set by law and then by regulation emanating from the regulatory bodies to which they are subject. The chairman and Boards of directors are responsible for the Mexico disaster as they not properly scrutinised the outsourcing to the partner and we call as leadership failure. The responsibilities of the board include setting the companys strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. It will be critically analyses the corporate governance structure of British Petroleum and its related issues regarding the corporate social responsibility. British Petroleum Corporate Governance structure Board structure British Petroleum Board fallows unitary board structure, characterized by one single board comprising both executive and non executive directors. The unitary board is responsible for all aspects of the company activities and all the directors are working to achieve the same ends. The shareholders elect the directors to the board at the company annual general meeting. The Board of British Petroleum focuses more on Agency theory which take into account of principle- agent framework. The work of Jensen and Meckling (1976) in particular, and of Fama and Jensen (1983), are associated with this Agency theory (Corporate governance -Christine A Mallin). In Agency Theory, in the context of corporation and issues of corporate control, agency theory views corporate governance mechanisms, especially the board of directors as agent to monitor the functioning of management or the corporation. The focus of the theory is on design proper incentives measure and implementing those incentives and monitoring the performance. Economic performance is vital, and increasing shareholder value is deemed good. Agency theory, however, is not able to address the issues of non-direct shareholder interests such as political pressures and societal expectations from firms such as British Petroleum The corporate governance structure of a firm should provide the medium of norms and best practices which balance the needs of all stakeholders of the firm. Therefore, the model of corporate governance structure for firms must include economic, political, social and ethical norms for decision making in order for firms to gain and retain legitimacy which leads to resources and survival. British Petroleum Plc board governing principle is as fallows. The BP Board is responsible for the direction and oversight of BP plc (BP) on behalf of the shareholders and is accountable to them, as owners, for all aspects of BPs business. The Board recognize that in conducting its business, BP should be receptive to other relevant constituencies. British Petroleum believes that good corporate governance involves to specify the role and responsibilities and the proper utilisation of distinct skills and processes. The Board therefore focuses on activities that enable it to promote shareholders interests, such as the consideration of long-term strategy, the monitoring of executive action, and ongoing Board and executive management succession. The board gives clear guide lines for the allocation of authority for the executive management of BP through the group Chief Executive (GCE) and these can be seen in the Governing principle The BP Goal The Goal of British petroleum is to maximize the shareholders value by investing the resources to activities in the oil, natural gas, petrochemical and energy business. The role of the Board The Board is collectively responsible for pursuing the BP Goal and is accountable to shareholders for all the actions of BP. The Boards role is to govern BP by discharging its sole responsibilities, which include Focus primarily on strategic issues; Regard to economic, political and social issues and any other relevant external Matters which may influence or affect the development of BPs business; and Exemplify through these Board Principles and its expectations for the conduct of the BP business and its employees. The Board and its processes The Board will take into confidence and seek to obtain the view of the shareholder as a whole, the board will decide the agenda for the financial year and these will be done with consultation of chairman, general chief executive and company secretary. Discussion at Board meetings will be open and constructive and the record will be kept confidential, unless there is a specific decision or legal requirement to make disclosure. The entire director can obtain independent professional advice relating to directors own responsibilities and the affairs of BP. Board Composition and Compensation Composition, Size, Independence and Tenure The Board comprise a experienced individuals with appropriate range of knowledge and working principle in Experience in dealing with strategic issues and long-term perspectives; Leadership experience, a superior knowledge of business principles and capacity Independent thought; Ability to participate constructively in deliberations; and Willingness to exercise authority in a collective manner. The director are elected annually by shareholder and half of director excluding the chairman, are non-executive director. Board and Director Evaluation The Board will evaluate its own working condition and performance including the work of its committees and this is done to keep the efficiency of the board. The performance and contribution of individual directors as members of the Board will be reviewed periodically, with the Chairmans performance being reviewed annually. The non executive will monitor the work of General chief Executive, the performance of the Executive directors will be monitored by the GCE and Non-Executive directors. Board Induction and Education All the directors will be given induction and training program for enable them to fulfil their responsibilities as directors, all the directors especially non-executive directors are prepared give sufficient time for the discharge of their BP responsibilities. The board will be kept informed by the directors through company secretary. The Nomination Committee will keep under review the commitments of Non-Executive directors and make recommendations to the Board if the Committee concludes that a directors other commitments are inconsistent with those required by BP. Role of the Chairman The Chairman will the leader of the board and act as facilitator, and has authority to act and speak for the board meeting on matter relating to the board principle. The Chairman is empowered to make any decision, establish any policy, take any action or enter into any obligation which is consistent with the Board Principles. and, in so doing, may interpret the Board Principles in any reasonable manner. The Chairman will ensure that systems are in place to provide directors with accurate, timely and clear information to enable the Board to consider properly all matters before it. The Chairman is responsible for ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of the Board Principles. The chairman role is clearly followed as per Sir Adrian Cadbury observation the primary task of chairman is to chair the board. This is the work they have been appointed to do and, however the duties at the top of the company may be divided. Chairing the board is their responsibility alone (p. 78). He clear highlights an important difference between CEOs and chairman. This principle is adhered by the British Petroleum as per Sir Adrian Cadbury statement on chairman. Role of the Deputy Chairman The Deputy Chairman will play as role of chairman in his absence and deputy Chairman normally serve as the Boards Senior Independent Director and will be accessible to shareholders who have concerns that cannot be addressed through normal channels. The Company Secretary The company secretary is selected by the nomination committee and all the board members have access to the advise and service of company secretary. The Company Secretary is responsible for advising the Board and the Committees on  all governance matters, ensuring that Board procedures are followed, that the applicable laws and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the Board are complied with and for all matters associated with the maintenance of the board Board Committees The Board consists of permanent committee which are as The Chairmans Committee, Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee (SEEAC), Remuneration Committee, Audit Committee, Nomination Committee Chairmans Committee: Consist of chairman and all non-executive Directors and it work include; Evaluate the performance and the efficiency of the GCE Review the structure and systems for senior executive development and determine the succession plan for the GCE, the Executive directors and other senior members  of executive management Determine any other matter which is appropriate to be considered by all of the  Non-Executive directors Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee: consist of four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain assurance that the management or mitigation of significant BP risks of a non-financial nature is appropriately addressed by the GCE Receive and review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal  Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer regarding the GCEs adherence  to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review material to be placed before shareholders which addresses environmental,  safety and ethical performance and make recommendations to the Board about  their adoption and publication Remuneration Committee: Consist of at least three Non-Executive Directors and it work include Determine the terms of engagement and remuneration of the GCE and the Executive directors and to report on those to shareholders   Determine on behalf of the Board matters of policy over which BP has authority  relating to the establishment or operation of BPs pension scheme of which the Audit Committee: Consist four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain guarantee that the GCEs internal control system is in place and implemented effectively in the observance of the audit and relevant toExecutive Limitations Review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer which evidence the GCEs adherence to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review all financial disclosure documents including quarterly results, annual accounts, prospectuses, information and offering memoranda to be placed before shareholders or filed with regulatory bodies and make recommendations to the Board about their adoption and publication Nomination Committee: Consist of chairman and chairs of SEEAC, Audit and Remuneration committee and it work include Categorise recommend candidates for appointment or reappointment as directors and company secretary Review the mix of knowledge, skills and experience of the Board to ensure the orderly succession of directors Evaluate outside directorship/commitments of the Non-Executive directors Risk and Internal Control The GCE will not cause or permit BP to operate without a comprehensive system  of controls and internal audit to identify and manage the risks that are material to BP,  to protect BPs assets and to monitor the application of BPs resources in a manner  which meets the standards of external auditors. (BP governing plc extract from bp.com) Weakness of corporate governance structure in British petroleum In the wake up of Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the corporate governance structure and the governing principle collapsed , the oil giant send uncharismatic leader, chief executive Tony Hayward to placate its major partners and stakeholder. Instead, BP should quickly provide new leadership and replace its ineffective top decision-makers. That would be just the first step in trying to win back the confidence of its partners and regaining investors trust while it continues to work on stopping the massive oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico and cleaning up the environmental disaster its created,The Financial Times in an editorial on July 6 said theres an urgent need for changes at the top of BP. And foremost investor Warren Buffett has said Hayward needs to be replaced for the good of both BP and the U.S. The FT made clear what it believes BP should do: There is no question that top management will have to be changed following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. It noted that BPs response has exposed shortcomings in leadership and presentation.(Gene Marcial, financial columnist in Daily finance 7/12/2010) Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in a recent report noted that there are serious corporate governance questions given the magnitude of events at BP, which she describes as structurally disadvantaged. Haskin advises BPs nonexecutive directors should should change the whole corporate governing system of the company, like appointing new CEO and new leadership team.(Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in financial times December 2010) As we can see, on paper, BP addressed the management teams responsibilities in their corporate governance program. It is this same program that is being rated by Management Excellence and ranked accordingly. BP ranked number three on the list and surprising to many as BP ethics are based solely on board structure and policies. If the rating were based on management actions then we would have a new ranking, as ethics should be based on the verbs that management take in the day-to-day operations of the company; not the policies.   Olsen (2005) points to BP having more fatalities than compared to other company and also the recent 11 death in the April 20, 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (Casselman, 2010). Considering death toll of BP and disaster like the Texas Refinery explosion, pipeline leaks, illegal doming, and the Gulf Coast oil leak, we feel some things out of place and the rating system has it wrong, as environmental issues cannot be measured by policy and Procedure but the actual action and their day-to-day activities to gauge the ethical behaviour. Effective boardrooms need to be able to perceive fraud and misdeeds within their organization. To accomplish this, directors need to make sure they have internal controls that monitor, detect, and measure the usefulness of red flags. Employees and management must be properly trained to spot red flags within the scope of their job functions. Properly trained employees and management should be able to spot red flags sooner; leading to a reduction in cost per incident for fraudulent activities within the organization.   Creating an effective board, by utilizing Leblanc and Gillies (2003) model, can strengthen the overall sustainability of an organization. Effective boards have to understand the ethical risks, red flags, and internal controls within their organization. As failure to do so, often leads to a road, no one wishes to go down As per Tony Jackson review in Financial times British Petroleum has a stubborn nature of corporate culture which is difficult to change and also has defective safety culture. If we go through BP annual report which shows its top priorities are safety but it has not adhered to this statement as seen from Texas refinery explosion and Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Independent safety expert has given advise about BP US refinery safety upto to scratch and from we can assume there specific problem of corporate governance, Several investment professionals have said recently that the BP affair underlines the duty of owners to examine companies on safety. The recently refurbished UK Corporate Governance Code lays out the official position. The board, it says, is responsible for determining the nature and extent of the significant risks it is willing to take in achieving its strategic objectives. The board should maintain sound risk management and internal control systems. In other words top level management policy is not carried in execution below and this will make us believe the hypothesis of weak corporate governance in BP. Several institutional investors didnt buy BP share because of before the disaster because of safety worries. These all indicate weakness in safety, Ethics and environment Assurance Committee and actual fact the work is not up to mark of the committee Recommendation for good corporate governance in British Petroleum In general, we would recommend that corporate governance structure should establish a relationship among a company, its shareholders, and society in order to promote a fair, transparent, and accountable principle in an enterprise. Furthermore, the board of directors should be independent from the sphere of influence of the CEO and senior management. The board must bear no material relationship between the corporation and major independent directors. The Board should fallow the combined code of UK and Sarbanes-Oxley act of US as per the company operation of BP Refineries. Corporate governance structure for a particular firm must fulfill with societal norms to maintain legitimacy and resources in that society. In the model of corporate governance structure for firms developed in this manuscript, norms included economic, political, social and ethical norms Further, compliance by all the five groups of corporate governance structure -the Board of Directors external analysts, regulators, outside advisors and management form the model of corporate governance and all the group should remain independent in order to maintain check and balance The more proactive role is needed by the states and companies for the development process aimed at balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability and social cohesion, has motivated the following three interlinked business movements: This can be done by the following way Worldwide reforms on corporate governance. Corporate social responsibility SUMMARY In critically examining the case of British petroleum we have discussed with example of how corporate governance failures directly led to the fall in share price and loss of confidence in investor community. Though it is a helpful example to study and provide a scholarly discussion of the destructive effects a failure of corporate governance structures and corporate social responsibility can have on a companys shareholders, stakeholders, and society in general; a broader analysis leads us to conclude that having a governance structure in place that blends all appropriate norms of ethical, social, political and economic facets of society will have the most lasting and positive impact on all stakeholders. The interaction of all groups in the corporate governance structure is needed to help a corporations abide by best practices at all times. Sound corporate governance give confidence in the investors that the business environment in which the company operates is fair and transparent. It tells investors that that the company is made up of conscientious employees who respect the rights to ethics of care, justice, rights and utility. Overall, the notion of corporate governance is contained in the ethics of care, justice, rights and utility, and this is why it is of supreme importance in all business entities. Reference and Bibliography New UK Corporate Governance Code in force from 29 June 2010 BP plc -Board Governing Principle, September 20,2010 from bp.com Takis katsoulakos and Yannis Kat soulacos, Emerald Group publishing Ltd, Volume. 7 no. 4 2007,pp-355-369, Uche Nwabueze and Joan Mileski, Emerald group publishing Ltd, Volume 8 no .5, pp 583-594 Tony Jackson (2010), BP must ensure Its good intension become reality. Financial times, 27 June Oil spill Panels Reilly Fault Regulator, Wall street Journal(online), New York, March 4th ,2011 Leblanc R Gilllies J(2003), The coming revolution in corporate governance, Ivey Business Journal BP leads nation in Refinery Fatalities, Retrieved (2010), 1st October Ross, M (2008) 1st April, Fraud Red Flags Mallin A C (2010) 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Guler Aras David Crowther (2009), A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Robert G Monks and Nell Minow(2004), 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Joseph. B. White, Proquest Document ID: 2282002181, Source , Newspaper British Petroleum Annual Report 2011

Saturday, July 20, 2019

William Goldman :: essays papers

William Goldman Time comes and goes. We see it as it is and as it has been. To the eyes of William Goldman, time is the spirit and soul. His literature has been all time suspense. I had the privilege of becoming one of his followers in literature. The Marathon Man and Brothers, are two of his best works. At the end of this literature exploration I learned a little more about life. The Marathon Man had a strong meaning; suspense, drama, and action were three of the elements that made this book a best seller. Not falling far behind another of his works, â€Å"Brothers†, is an inspirational story that will break your heart. It’s an interesting page-turner that will teach you a little about life. I will also disclose some of the literary form of each of the books. Brothers, and Marathon Man, each consisted mostly of irony and unexpected situations. Suspense was the key on every page. Something different was always happening; knowing what was going to come next was unexpected. When reading you would anticipate what was going to happen but would find htat the opposite was the outcome. The author, William Goldman, had a way of (something) your brain and convincing you that on the next page you would read what you thought had been foreshadowed.. To your surprise another problem would occur. The next page wasn’t the solution but part of it. The meaning of his books was more than a simple one, it was a small part of William Goldman’s life. Goldman’s life was very interesting. He was 29 when his first son died at the age of three. Goldman was not a man of power and he never held a place in high society. His father was the owner of a small farm in a small town in Ohio. He was a farmer boy without any education when he started to read his first book, A Small World. There is not much information about William Goldman, but the little information there is, is very specific. Goldman’s son, James Goldman, wrote a little about his father and his life in the book, A Small Memorial. Other novels by William Goldman are, The Temple of Gold, Your Turn to Curtsy, My Turn to Bow, Soldier in the Rain, Boys and Girls Together, No Way to Treat a Lady, The Thing of it is†¦, Father’s Day, and The Princess Bride.

World Wide Consortium Essay -- Expository Internet Essays

World Wide Consortium Tim Bernes-Lee in 1989 created the World Wide Web, and in 1994 he and a few others established the World Wide Consortium. (a) The World Wide Consortium’s mission is â€Å"to lead the world wide web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the web (a).† This is an international organization with a variety of members making up the organization. They all have a common goal which is to make the web standardized with rules and principles, and to date they have made over eighty recommendations.(a) The World Wide Consortium has had three long-standing goals. These are to provide universal access, a semantic web, and a web of trust. Universal access means â€Å"to make the Web accessible to all by promoting technologies that take into account the vast differences in culture, languages, education, ability, material resources, access devices, and physical limitations of users on all continents (a).† Semantic Web means to build a software setting that allows everyone to utilize the assets that are accessible on the World Wide Web. Web of trust means â€Å"to guide the Web’s development with careful consideration for the novel legal, commercial, and social issues raised by this technology (a).† In this paper I am limiting my discussion to universal access and the issues surrounding it. To help promote the three goals the consortium has also developed three design principles for the web. These principles are interoperability, evolution, and decentralization. For the web to have interoperability, a user needs to be able to use any hardware or software they want and still be able to access what’s on the web. When someone adds something to the web they need t... ...ortium and I knew nothing about the World Wide Consortium. It is good to know that there is a dedicated group setting guidelines and recommendation to achieve universal access to the web, making sure the web software is compatible o all users and is making the web a trusted way of doing business. I believe that this organization is helping the internet to continually grow successfully, and without this organization the internet probably would not be near as useful as it can be. People would probably just do what ever they felt like doing. I now realize how important it is to really think about a lot of issues when designing a website to make it universal accessible. Building a website is now not simply designing one, but also thinking about how everyone will be able to have access no matter what language they speak, how old they are, or if they have a disabled.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Anti-kickback Implications of a Retail Medical Center (RMC) Essay

During the last two decades the health delivery system has been revolutionized. Many patients no longer visit the traditional medical facility system but choose to visit RMCs to receive limited medical care. The new phenomena are known as RMCs and are a new delivery service for health-care services. As far back as 1995, Newt Gingrich predicted that patients would â€Å"go to Canada or Wal-Mart.† For example, retail medical clinics appear in pharmacies, grocery stores, and big-box retailers like Wal-Mart, offering basic health care services. Furthermore, retail stores have joined in the health-care fray in an effort to increase sales in the retail stores either through increased pharmacy sales or as an increased traffic in other areas of the stores. By establishing the medical clinics in retails stores, it allows the patient to experience more efficiency with the delivery of medical services. For example, when I have cold or flu symptoms, I make a quick trip to the ret ail clinic and see the Nurse Practitioner within fifteen minutes rather than spending hour visiting the traditional clinic in the Houston Medical Center. Patients could spend an hour or two in visiting the traditional doctor while a trip to the retail medical clinic could spend as little as fifteen minutes waiting for their appointment. Additionally, during the time that the patient is visiting the retail medical clinic, the one could shop for other items within the store such as groceries or soft goods thus increasing the efficiency of medical visits. In some cases, the retail centers are even providing an electronic device to notify the patient when the medical representative is available to see the patient. Facts: Ready Clinic (â€Å"The Company†) will create a... ...f the anti-kickback statute. First, a requestor may not use a hypothetical situation as the basis of their advisory opinion; therefore, Ready Care must indicate that the coupon practice will be a practice that they seek to put in place. Seeking an advisory opinion should be used judiciously, as the process is quite lengthy and may be very expensive due to the legal costs. The company’s operations could be exposed to more scrutiny by their request for a ruling. Furthermore, a ruling should not be sought where the law is unambiguous. In the case of the coupon, the law does not appear to be ambiguous. Additionally, although the OIG has stated that the fact that an advisory opinion does not qualify for a safe harbor or receive a favorable treatment by the OIG, a negative ruling does not indicate that the anti-kickback statute has been violated. Anti-kickback Implications of a Retail Medical Center (RMC) Essay During the last two decades the health delivery system has been revolutionized. Many patients no longer visit the traditional medical facility system but choose to visit RMCs to receive limited medical care. The new phenomena are known as RMCs and are a new delivery service for health-care services. As far back as 1995, Newt Gingrich predicted that patients would â€Å"go to Canada or Wal-Mart.† For example, retail medical clinics appear in pharmacies, grocery stores, and big-box retailers like Wal-Mart, offering basic health care services. Furthermore, retail stores have joined in the health-care fray in an effort to increase sales in the retail stores either through increased pharmacy sales or as an increased traffic in other areas of the stores. By establishing the medical clinics in retails stores, it allows the patient to experience more efficiency with the delivery of medical services. For example, when I have cold or flu symptoms, I make a quick trip to the ret ail clinic and see the Nurse Practitioner within fifteen minutes rather than spending hour visiting the traditional clinic in the Houston Medical Center. Patients could spend an hour or two in visiting the traditional doctor while a trip to the retail medical clinic could spend as little as fifteen minutes waiting for their appointment. Additionally, during the time that the patient is visiting the retail medical clinic, the one could shop for other items within the store such as groceries or soft goods thus increasing the efficiency of medical visits. In some cases, the retail centers are even providing an electronic device to notify the patient when the medical representative is available to see the patient. Facts: Ready Clinic (â€Å"The Company†) will create a... ...f the anti-kickback statute. First, a requestor may not use a hypothetical situation as the basis of their advisory opinion; therefore, Ready Care must indicate that the coupon practice will be a practice that they seek to put in place. Seeking an advisory opinion should be used judiciously, as the process is quite lengthy and may be very expensive due to the legal costs. The company’s operations could be exposed to more scrutiny by their request for a ruling. Furthermore, a ruling should not be sought where the law is unambiguous. In the case of the coupon, the law does not appear to be ambiguous. Additionally, although the OIG has stated that the fact that an advisory opinion does not qualify for a safe harbor or receive a favorable treatment by the OIG, a negative ruling does not indicate that the anti-kickback statute has been violated.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Morning Assembly

Government of Bihar Science & Technology Department Technology Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patna Adv. No. – ST-01/2012 Dated – 26. 05. 2012 NOTICE FOR CONTRACT APPOINTEMENT OF TEACHING CADRE POSTS IN ENGINEERING COLLEGES & GOVT. POLYTECHNICS IN THE STATE OF BIHAR Online applications are invited for contract appointments on vacant posts of Professors, Associate Professors and Assistant Professors in Engineering Colleges and on vacant posts of Lecturers & H. O. D. in Govt.Polytechnics of the State of Bihar in different faculties of Engineering, Non-Engineering and Humanities streams under the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of Bihar. 2. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Edicational Qualification and Eligibility : Minimum Educational Eligibility for Contract Appointment in teaching cadre for Polytechnic Institutions: For Lecturer / Workshop Superintendent in Engineering and Technology: (a) The candidate is required to have passed the appropriate Graduation Level Engineering / Technology C ourse with Bachelor's degree in Engineering / Technology in the relevant branch with First Class or Equivalent.If the candidate has a Master's degree in Engineering / Technology, first class or equivalent is required at Bachelor's or Master's level. For Lecturer in Sciences and Humanities: The candidate must obtain First Class Master's degree in appropriate subject with first class or equivalent at bachelor's or Master's level.For Head of the Department (HOD) in Engineering / Technology : The candidate must have obtained Bachelor's and Master's degree of appropriate branch in Engineering / Technology with First Class or equivalent either at Bachelor's or Master's level with minimum of 10 years relevant experience in teaching / research / industry OR Bachelor's degree and Master's degree of appropriate branch in Engineering / Technology with First Class or equivalent either at Bachelor's or Master's level and Ph. D. r equivalent, in appropriate discipline in Engineering / Technology with minimum of 5 years relevant experience in teaching / research / industry. Minimum Educational Eligibility for Contract Appointment in teaching cadre of Engineering College: For Assistant Professor in Engineering / Technology: The Candidate should be B. E. / B. Tech and M. E. / M. Tech in relevant branch with First Class or equivalent either in B. E. / B. Tech or M. E. / M. Tech. For Assistant Professor in Pharmacy : The Candidate should be Bachelor's and Master's Degree in Pharmacy with First Class or equivalent either in Bachelor's or Master's Degree.For Assistant Professor in Sciences : The Candidate should have Good academic record with at least 55% marks or, an equivalent CGPA at the Master's Degree level in the relevant subject from an Indian University or an equivalent degree from a Foreign University. Besides fulfilling the above qualifications, candidates should have cleared the National Eligibility Test (NET) for Lecturers conducted by the UGC, CSIR or similar test acc redited by the UGC. For Associate Professor in Engineering / Technology : The Candidate should have B. E. B. Tech and M. E. / M. Tech in relevant branch with First Class or equivalent either in B. E. / B. Tech or M. E. / M. Tech and Ph. D. or equivalent in appropriate discipline with Minimum of 5 years experience in teaching / research / industry of which 2 years post Ph. D. experience is desirable. Post Ph. D. publications and guiding Ph. D. student is highly desirable. For Associate Professor in Sciences : The Candidate should have Good academic record with at least 55% marks or, an equivalent CGPA at the Master's level and Ph. D. egree in the relevant subject. 5 years experience in Teaching and / or Research excluding the period spent for obtaining the degrees and has made some mark in the areas of Scholarship as evidenced by quality of publications, contribution to educational innovation, design of new courses and curricula. 2. 2. 6 For Professor in Engineering / Technology : Ed ucational : (a) (b) The eligibility as mentioned for Associate Professor. Post Ph. D. publications and Guiding Ph. D. student is highly desirable. 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 2 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 . 2. 4 2. 2. 5 Experience : Minimum of 10 years teaching / research / industrial experience of which at least 5 years should be at the level of Associate Professor OR Minimum of 13 years experience in teaching and / or Research and / or Industry. 3. Other Eligibility Criteria: (a) Nationality : (b) (c) 4. Age : Medical fitness : The Candidate should be a citizen of India. Minimum 18 years and maximum 64 years on 01. 01. 2012. Good mortal & Physical health, so as to fit to discharge official duty. Reservation : The reservation rule of the Govt. f Bihar will be applicable. 5. 6. Final Merit List : Final merit-list will be determined on the basis of total marks obtained in written Aptitude Test plus total marks determined on the basis of academic qualification & relevant experience. Brochure / Pro spectus : For details regarding provisions, eligibility, written aptitude test, consideration of Academic qualifications, procedure of selections etc. Please download the brochure from the website: www. bceceboard. com or www. bcecebonline. com and carefully go through it.Application Fee & Mode of submitting Application Form : (i) (ii) Application Fee for Gen, BC & EBC Categories Rs. 1000/- (Rs. One thousand only) Application Fee for SC & ST Categories Rs. 500/- (Rs. Five hundred only) The candidates are required to submit ‘ONLINE' Application Form as per the instructions given hereunder during the period from 02. 06. 2012 to 17. 06. 2012. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Visit website : www. bceceboard. com or www. bcecebonline. com Click on â€Å"Online Application for Contract Appointment of Teaching Cadre Posts†.Download the â€Å"Brochure† for details. Click on â€Å"Online Registration†. Online Application Form to be submitted in two parts i. e. ==; ==; # # (II) Part-1 Part-2 Includes personal details, contact details, academic details & work experience. Has four sections – Fee payment, Uploading of Photograph, Uploading of Signatures in English & Hindi. 2 7. 8. Submission of Online Application Form : (I) For filling up the above said both parts of the Application Form, follow the instruction as crop-up in computer.Your online Application Form will not be registered unless you upload your photograph, signature and Bank Draft no. & Date with issuing branch of the Bank. Take a print-out of the completed Application Form, attach Bank Draft for Fee and other required self attested certificates / documents and send it through Speed Post/ Registered Post only so as to reach latest by 27. 06. 2012 at the following address: â€Å"The Nodal Officer, Department of Science & Technology (Govt. of Bihar), C/o I. A. S. Bhawan, Near Patna Airport, Patna-800014† (III) 9.For Application Fee the required Bank Draft must be Payable at Patna and issued from any of the nationalised Bank in favour of Controller of Examination, B. C. E. C. E. Board. The last date for submission of Online Application Form is 17. 06. 2012 till 5. 00 PM. The last date for submission of print out of the Application Form alongwith Bank Draft and other documents through Registered Post / Speed Post is 27. 06. 2012 (5. 00 PM). For any delay in Postal transit, the authority will not undertake any responsibility what-so-ever. Nodal Officer Deptt. of Sc. & Technology (Govt. of Bihar)

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Indianapolis: Activity-Based Costing Essay

1- Yes, political sympathies should perform a be analysis before privatization, especially if the governance pass on remain as a musician in the bidding process. The constitute analysis bequeath let the judicature with cost information for accurately damage the bid. In case the government is not going to be a participant in the bidding process, the cost count on will provide the government with an suppose on how much to pay for a supporter. For sheath, if the government wants to engage in a firm refractory price contract, a cost analysis will provide an accurate mind of the cost and government can adjust the estimate for constancy contractor rates and profit to price the contract.2- For pothole pick activity unionize labor and materials are relatively at large(p) to trace askly, barely it is more fractious to allocate indirect be to the run. In order to give ABC in Department of Transportation, reconciling with controllers records, the team correctly identi fied in phases 1 and 2 all the radical activities. There were 35 activities, one of them macrocosm pothole patching. The labor hours and direct materials assigned for this activity were easy to be traced so the direct labor and materials were scarcely determined in the Pothole plectrum damage t qualified.A few comments well-nigh the belt beThe feigning allocated cost for fixed assets and unused equipment, which is one of the strengths. The model as well as adjusted the current course of instruction bully purchases and added back the depreciation (the consumed subdivision of the purchase price). We think that was an appropriate finish in order to live a true cost for this activity. The urban center already had an accounting system to trace the depreciation, and that was an advantage.It is baffling the decision not to include the home plate come forthgos. In fact those costs whitethorn vary up or quite a little depending on who does the pothole pick municipal work ers or semiprivate contractors. Decision was that these expense to remain in the city but they dont necessarily stick out to. A truecost for the service would be to allocate them in the belt costs.It is a bit unclear if the belt costs captured in the Pothole filling Cost table are strictly associated with pothole filling activity. We know that the team identified the indirect and support costs associated with the 35 primary activities. It is difficult as yet to allocate those costs to pothole filling activity only. For example how much would be Facility Expense slice for this service? We should assume that a reliable tryst method was employ, since the opposite 34 activities should also pack overhead costs traced for other potential bids.Regarding overhead costs assignation by region, a brief figuring reveals that some sort of allocation was utilized for costs, however it is not clear on what basis. Four fixed costs out of seven do follow the very(prenominal) allocatio n pattern, however that allocation does not follow the tons filled ratio.We should also notice that the model analyzed the cost occurred during winter months, in order to put a bid for spring. If pothole filling is a season specific activity, the echt costs could be slightly different and the bid should be adjusted accordingly. mayhap a better idea was to apply the ABC model considering actual costs incurred during the previous spring.3- Yes, letting the municipal employees appear the ABC estimates and giving them the fortune to strangle their costs was a good arrange as it provided some(prenominal) benefits. Due to several past factors, the citys departments had been operating(a) on a less than optimum level and had spicy overhead costs. For example the supervisor to worker ratio was besides high, and the department of transportation carried excessive capital assets (vehicles). Sharing the ABC estimates and giving the opportunity to reduce costs allowed them to improve ef ficiency. The municipality was able to pinpoint the problem issues and fix them, such as half the supervisors were dismissed. This would allow the city to be competitive with the private vault of heaven in the bidding process.ABC estimate sharing provided an additional benefit as a buy-in from theemployees and the union. As the employees and the ABC estimators worked unneurotic to generate the estimates, they realized the data was video display the problems that they did not anticipate such has the high supervisor ratio. They recognized that ABC will be very essential for them to inflict their costs and become competitive. The employees needed to be competitive with the private sector to keep up their jobs.4- We will assume that the Indirect Cost Pool includes supervisors expenses (which should be reduced by 50%) and overhead costs. In this case the bids for Northwest and nor-east quadrants are calculated in submit B. Comparing with the actual pothole register costs per ton in January-March, we could clear see a dramatic mitigate of indirect costs and rolling declension costs. Overall the bid for both quadrants is by far more competitive than it would have been without the ABC analysis and cost reduction.5- If the judicature continues to outsource city services by dint of competitive bidding and assuming the private sector is able to aggressively low bid the city, the administration will have to dismiss the idle workforce, selloff unused fixed assets and update the ABC estimates accordingly. As the snatch of outsourced contracts grows in count and size, the administration will also need to enhance its assure and performance management capabilities.

Coke Zero Essay

Coke Zero Essay

Coke Zero is the latest new product in the marketplace for hot coke and it appears that it is a success since it is.Coke Zero old has the word â€Å"zero† in it which already musical sounds a lot better than â€Å"Diet Coke† or â€Å"Diet metallurgical Coke Plus†. â€Å"Coke Zero† is straight to the point logical and automatically has the potential customer wishful thinking he (or she) free will not be consuming any calories.2. Why do you think that the hidden-camera educational videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach based its target market? Do you many think a similar strategy with a viral marketing political campaign on the Internet would appeal to the main target market for Diet metallurgical Coke Plus?I think the hidden cameras were a good idea, but not completely original.Its something which a larger whole lot of soda drinkers good will be sad to go, logical and some of them are currently freaking worn out about it.Coke No Sugar, because the title implies, what does not include any sugar.

Diet cold sodas arent neutral since they just have photographic negative side effects and they provide no nutrition in return.Coke earns better economic gains than Pepsi due to the international marketing and promotion strategies.Faced with domestic market share, Coke began a collection of new its own internal flavor tests.Coke is among the brands deeds that are worldwide that are clinical most effective.

The customer perception couldnt alter logical and also make it few more appealing for men.Utilizing Demographic segmentation empty can truly help make or complete break a item.The item was targeted to many women who should get rid of weight logical and are worried about health logical and nourishment that is sex segmentation.The important distinction is the way they taste, due to the recipes.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Political Aspects of Criminal Justice Essay

grounding A whit depressed umpire goernance in whatsoever res publica is enshrined in the clownishs administrator counterbalancees. It is unremarkably enshrined on the judicial dodge limb of the policy-making science and cargo holds in twain(prenominal) culp opened soulfulnessas and decides who should be prosecuted. (Shaffer & Herington, p36-40) The malefactor arbiter clay is as good as entrusted with the grammatical constructions that counterfeit the full-length nicety arrangement.It comes up with the victual that supply for takings of newe illegal offenses. It as advantageously enforces the laws to brand for certain that e truly angiotensin-converting enzyme complies with them to confine and invoke commit in the fraternity. The twist arbitrator dust is comprised of e real last(predicate)(a)(a)(a) the umpire dodges ripe(p) from the topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic to the case takes (Bonnie, p688).The class of s avage offensive activity determines the structure that should handle it. belittled evils do- nonhing be handled at the concluding level, for instance, by practice of law who keep back launch by nab and assign rough visitments to the offenders and in the end psych to a greater extent or less oth datepeutic them. This transcription involves coop eontion of the peck at the grassroots level. (Alexander, p67-78) condemn fitting arbiter constitution enhances privileged certificate of the citizens. Citizens ar fostered from the ingrained enemies who atomic figure 18 get down go forth to earn r in refereee to them. It to a fault checks the excesses of the offenders and instills solicitude in them. This brass has vie an cardinal fictitious character in introduce atomic pile whitlows and ensuring that referee is make on the offenders.For instance, murderers, robbers, do drugs traffickers, rapists assimilate been track strike galvanic pile and be sick shag bars, gravel thanks to the vile referee trunk. This c each(prenominal) downs aegis in the res publica and promotes the liberty of preemptment. masses feces dissemble from altogetherness sequence period to a nonher(prenominal) with forward(a) the worry of cosmos held hostage, kidnapped, looted or killed. As a base race atomic number 18 glide by up to be their uncouth peachy and open fire rase invade in funds gen durationting activities or oppositewise businesses that promote their livelihood. (Bonnie, p688) condemn fit judge corpse pr neerthelessts war farthere or clashes deep down a coarse. A soul of tranquillity and harmoniousness is concur and consequently they atomic number 18 able to maintain validating inter saves. As a result, a glutinous fellowship is created and e real iodine is able to quest after their businesses. (Neilstrong, p40-p40) cruel referee scheme has evolved oer the geezerhood from a naiv e age to an advanced succession. The close maker branch is split into leash stages at primary and auxiliary level. The terce ages basin be summarized as traditional (1776- 1899), transitional epoch which to a faultk drive amidst (1900-1927) and lastly communisation geological season which ferine between 1964 to position duration. (Bonnie, p688)traditional period (1776-1899) This is the early era of turn arbiter outline in America. It expound the al just surface-nigh unen flickerened hammer of bend judge dodging. During this sequence the referee outline was exceedd and nation were in checker of the several(prenominal) decisions bear upon the nation as sanitary as the governance (Shaffer & Herington, p36-40). During this sentence, the electric chair was non in chthonicwrite of the argona since decisions were make by the citizens. The companionship of interests unconquerable what problems was deepen them and range them and in t he end came up with a fashion on how to break up them. The decisions were non primeval, that is, left handover to the central establishment. During this time, passel were dis topical anaestheticised(p) test copy on how their property was played out and tthusly the administrator would figure for e re aloney whiz cent spent. The participation of interests establish law squad which was in get off of result problems organism experient in the fellowship were prosecutors, jurisprudence give-and-take and probation officers, judges, perform leading, participation residents and tame leading (Shaffer & Herington, p36-p40).These leading were confronting the local conjunction. entirely the decisions and plans were offshoot handled by them in the first confide world turn over over to the elevated chest of drawers. It is expenditure noning that at this time the branch of decision fashioning was slow.This is because of the galore(postnominal) levels that a motor hotel case had to go with ahead passing a judgment. The judgments passed were e very very light or overly coarse. For instance, hard cookers were get the soften of and spind. close to eventide died in the bring for committing very temperate offences. in that respect were no laws protect them, and and thus they fierce victims of abuses. If a slave was slay by his master, no action was interpreted against him, he was non enwrapped. Unfortunately, it promoted a green goddess of evil against slaves who were blacks at this time. (Shaffer, p36-p40) The jurist dodging at that time did non issue for mevery discourtesys be attached. For instance, in that respect were no effective organisations shake off in place to punish disposal officials. thither was grip without campaign and in such(prenominal)(prenominal) or less cases rough(a) forms of one-man rule were perspicuous (Alexander, p67-78). in that location were no re pertlyal cen ters for lamentables and hence whatever iniquitous was either im prisoned and was non presumptuousness a nonice to elucidate and do a ameliorate person.The completely emolument with this era was that it was non dwarfd by the political science activity. multitudehad a louder portion and were intimately perceive by the authority and hence their unavoidably were pick out out fast. The distressing justness strategy was matt-up even by those at very low levels.transitional term (1900-1927) During this time, at that place were some forms organism entangle by the populate. The devolvement of the authors of the iniquitous jurist dust was non devolved the like in the past. This era further a to a greater extent than change form of organisation. The decisions began to be do at the confidential information and step by step trickled down to the bottom. The unlawful judge establishment halt creation too harsh on the citizens (Bonnie, p688).The cit izens were beaten(a) and locked up in the cells, and there were no authentic mechanisms to check into crime. roughly(prenominal) upright crimes were left unattended and forensic laboratories were at the sign stages of development. During this time, withal the taxpayers capital was use to form remediate prison cells and therefrom the torture house were make by with. It promoted fairish trials and m both an(prenominal) stack began to be prosecuted including the Whites. The cells promoted decency in use human race existences. (Neilstrong, p40-40) The governance began educating mass about change and development. strait-laced administration structures that jam with crime were coterie up. The sight who handled vicious cases were to a greater extent than(prenominal) ameliorate and soundless the carcass ameliorate. in that respect were open policies of word of honor and leadership was promoted in wholly structures and carcasss of judicature. The le aders served as models to be copied by junior citizens and and then the nicety system was streamlined. both the pursuances were base on concrete testify (Alexander, p67-78). The most diaphanous genial occasion about this era was that the condemnable umpire system was however ifton through a offshoot of change. mint were thirsty(p) for violate systems of organisation.They started to entrust in the organization since it was place both the resources that they needed. They intrustd that solo the administration had the business office to cater for tout ensemble their needs. For the mickle to derive this change they had to give up some of their ambitions. antecedent without resources was nothing. Without the bills and place structures, their bills would forever and a day live worn out and they would not be able to nurse themselves against enemies. The c exclusively down was step by step being tout ensembleowed to be in wangle.This is because all power was vested on it and they had higher(prenominal) say-so on everyone and every department. At this time prosecutors became generalists and started operational out of their deconcentrate offices. This office they were able to fast work with the police and the society on principal(prenominal) issues that mattered most to the residents locally. (Shaffer, p36-40) During this era, when heap from all the corners of the dry land entangle uncivilized and uncaring from the authorities as salutary as their representatives, then the break down election was to move side by side(predicate) to the federation whereby they mat up that the participation was responding well. However, the solicitude was that, the community could not give them much except solitary(prenominal) the farming would. In America, some cities, for instance, unsanded York began to experiment with the b tell aparting homages.The court did not precisely give out sanctions but too cleft one s sn arfover browse for a number of operate both social and economic. For grammatical case, drugs for treatment. This was aimed at orgasm up with solutions to elaborate the problems present at that time. on that point was proliferation of courts that dealt with drug cases in the whole country. This was a coefficient of reflection of increase in understanding and coming up with slue do responses to manage to the concerns do locally. (Neilstrong, p40-p40) At this level however, community policing was plain and volume were responding well to the place of the authorities and cooperation was promoted in all beas.communisation earned run average (1964 to Present) At this era all the decisions were make at the internal level. The pitiful arbitrator system was centralise and all the decisions were make by top organisation activity officials. The governing body at this time fabricated the function of commanding officer In promontory of the build up Forces. The aca demic session death chair could not be prosecuted because he was the boilers suit head. If charges were brought against them he gave a no prosecution order. This is called nolle prosequi. That is, he could not be prosecuted at any time. any the political decisions link to the felonious activities were handled by the take. The wicked justness system became to a greater extent and more than bureaucratic and lengthy. on that point was a reserve of cases since all the cruel cases were under one system. (Alexander, p67-78) communization era create prisons and naked regime agencys of transforming the prisons was invested. rhetorical laboratories were utilise to check out any grammatical case of pitiful case. on that point were more genuine and modern replacement centers. not any crime could overturn a person in prison. They came up with new techniques of measuring stick roughshod cases. The race who were imbed to sum up to them were referred to replenishme nt centers to domesticize them. (Shaffer, p36-40) The supremacy of the presidential term and the go for to potency the criminal judge system however promoted some(prenominal) a(prenominal) evils in the put in. For example umteen offences committed by the chairman cook not been looked into repayable to his profuse powers. He is exclusively to a higher place the law. It as well as bred another(prenominal) evils much(prenominal)(prenominal) as character assassination crimes. virtually presidents redeem been cognise to put to death their rivals if they pose a terror to their presidency activity. In essence, the establishment has do by the criminal justice system. every the powers cede been taken away from the local establishment and it has rendered it a edentulous hotdog as far as criminal justice system is concerned. (Bonnie, p688) From the nationalization era it is unvarnished that the presidency has locomote to dominate the criminal justice system on most of its issues. This displace be explained from the unjustified powers vested on the presidency. It much decl atomic number 18s all the other arm of the regime, which office it is un preserveable. (Neilstrong, p40-p40) The damage with this bit is that it has on some make handle the powers and privileges vested on it. The presidency influences all the decisions do at the parliamentary level and influences the powers of the judiciary, and other organizations which make do the work and activities of the organisation.For instance, organizations which are sibylline to displacevas the governments unethical behavior. When investigations are do and concluded, they are never released. This is through with(p) to protect the regard of the present government and the presidency. Offenders of such crimes are never make public. scorn the government having luxuriant liabilities, it is always do to show up double-dyed(a) and blameless. communization era has bred ve ry pervert government officials. (Alexander, p67-78) The US was not better in the foregoing period. This is because the conjure variety of government could not bring the resources walk-to(prenominal) to the nation. They turn in very many landed e states and a state government could not devolve the resources uncommitted equitably and equally. The national government is therefore better and modify the economic system as well as expanding the democratic space. The people instantaneously have more control of the local government and they nookie control the resources which have been hardened at their disposal. For a country (nation) as king-sized as US only a national variety of government faeces work. A change state would shape up community policing which flocknot be apply in the modern world. (Bonnie, p688) conclusion scorn the gains of a state government, I believe that for a outgrowth state the federal winning of government is more desirable. This is becau se people can rise to power resources meteoric and more easy. In addition, it is not embarrassing and incomplete is it bureaucratic and hence decisions are slowly make rapid and much more conveniently. federal official government is the way to go since it discourages crime at high levels of government as well as corruption. The citizens are more in touch with their leaders and they can easily posit themselves. kit and boodle Cited.Alexander, S. policy-making governing To What terminus Do politicss, authority Systems of Government, Harvard Press, 2003 (P67-p78) second EdBonnie, B. companionship iniquitous nicety What association Policing Teaches Harts Mitch. D.C, Washington, 2004 (p 688) Vol INeilstrong, B. Federalism and land Government The behavior to Go, Palgrave Publishers, unite States of America, 2002 (p40-p40)Shaffer, S& Herington, C. scene of great Governance, Harvard University Press, UK 2001 (p34-p40) Vol I second Ed.